LikhoPadho

Matter :-
- Anthing that occupies space, has mass and can be perceived by our senses is called matter. 
- All materials are made up of matter, and matter consists of particals such as atoms, ions or molecules.
- The tree states of matter - solid, liquid and gaseous - are based on the differences in physical properties such as mass, volume, shape, rigidity, density and arrangment of particles.

Composition of Matter:
Matter in any state is composed of small particles - molecules, atoms or ions.

Atoms	Molecules	Ions
An Atom - is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a reaction & is considered the - basic unit of matter. eg. O, H, CL are atoms.	A molecule - is the smallest particle of a substance that can normally exist seperately and retain - the characteristics of the substance. eg. O2, H2, Cl2 are molecules.	An ion is any - atom or group of atoms which has a resultant charge due to -loss or gain of electrons. eg. O2-,H1+,Cl1- are ions.

Characteristics of matter :-
Volume : Matter occupies space, which is called its volume.
Mass : The quantity of matter represents its mass.
Weight : The gravitational pull on matter represents its weight..
Perceiving of matter : Matter can be perceived by - touch sight, smell etc.
Examples of matter :  Living - Plants and animals. Non-living - air, water etc.                                                                                          

Kinetic Theory of Matter :-
The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is composed of particles which - 
1. Have intermolecular spaces between them.
2. Attract each other with a force.
3. Are in continous random motion.

Properties of Matter :-

PARAMETERS	SOLID STATE	LIQUID STATE	GASEOUS STATE
MASS	Solids have a definite mass.	Liquids have a definite mass.	Gases have a definite mass.
VOLUME, SHAPE, RIGIDITY	Solids have a definite shape. They maintain their shape even when they are subjected to an external force, i.e they are rigid	Liquid do not have a fixed shape, but have a fixed volume. They take the shape of the container they are kept in. They are less  rigid.	Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume. They fill up the container completely. They are not rigid.
INTERMOLECULAR SHAPE	The spaces between the particles is very less.	The spaces between the molecules is slightly more than that of solids but still very less. They can slip and slide over each other.	The molecules are much farther apart from one another as compares to solids and liquids They have a very disorderly as compares to solids and liquids.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF ATTRACTION	They force of attraction between molecules is very high. Thus, they are closely packed.	The force of attraction between molecules is strong enough to hold the particles together but not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position	The force of attraction between the particles is negligible; hence, particles of a gas move freely in all directions.
MOVEMENT OF  MOLECULES	Solids only vibrate on their mean position.	Liquid particles are free to move around in the liquid only. They can slip and slide over each other.	Gaseous molecules move in high speeds in all directions and can exert pressure on the walls of the container.
DENSITY	Solids have high density. This is because the number of molecules in a solid is more and the intermolecular space is minimum.	Liquids have less density as compared to solids because the number of molecules in a liquid is less and intermolecular space is more.	Gases have least density as the number of particles is least and the intermolecular space is maximum.
FREE SURFACE	Solids have an inifinite number of free surfaces.	Liquid have only one upper free surface.	Gases do not have any free surface.
MISCIBILITY OR DIFFUSIBILITY	Solids do not diffuse with other solid particles.	Liquid may diffuse with other liquid particles.	Gaseous particles rapidly diffuse with other gaseous particles.
COMPRESSIBILITY	Solids cannot be compressed.	Liquids are slightly compressible.	Gases are highly compressible.
	Some solids may change their shape when an external force is applied, but when that force is removed, they can retain their original shape. This shows that solids are elastic.	Liquids show a property called viscosity. More viscous liquids flow slowly. While less viscous liquids flow easily.	------------------------